Il-Hoan Oh, MD, Ph.D
Vice Director, The Catholic Institute of Cell Therapy
The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
Stem cells are in the major streamline in the regenerative medicine to help patients suffering from various
intractable diseases. With their intrinsic regenerative potential, stem cells can be differentiated to
produce many kinds of tissues to heal damaged organ function. Two kinds of stem cells can serve for the
purpose of regenerative medicine, one embryonic stem cells derived from human embryo, and the other adult stem
cells that can be obtained from various part of adult body including neonatal placental tissues. Due to the
ethical advantage of adult stem cells (AS) over embryonic stem cells (ES), many of the advocates for AS has been
primarily based upon ethical features. However, another important considerations in stem cell therapy
would be a practical feasibility for medical applications.
To be used in the clinical applciations, several considerations are necessary in stem cell therapy. The first is
safety issue. For ES cell, their tendency to form teratoma in the body has been one of major hurdle before clinical
use and therefore, strategies to lower the risk of tumor formation should be developed. In contrast, primary
AS are mostly obtained from body without immortalization process, and can be utilized without major concern on this
issue.
Secondly, homogeneity and specification of cell types to be regenerated should be considered. While ES cells can
undergo multipotential differentiation into many cell types, guiding their differentiation toward a particular
desired cell type has been a challenging task and needs further success in the related fields. For AS cell,
many types are relatively specialized in their subsequent differentiation program with respect to each type of AS.
Moreover, in-vivo site-specific differentiation of AS has been noted in many studies, thus making AS less
prone to the generation of unexpected tissues.
The last consideration in stem cell therapy is the strategies to overcome immune rejection after transplantation
into patients. AS cells can meet this requirement by obtaining them from related or histocompatibility-matched
donors. Alternatively, many of AS therapy is using patients¡¯ own cells and this type of autologous stem cell
therapy is currently expanding. In contrast, limitation in the number of available ES cell line makes it demand a
special process such as nuclear transfer or embryo cloning. Apart from the risk for reproductive cloning,
nuclear transfer itself is the low fidelity process characterized by low frequency of success and high risk of
aberrant gene regulation. These technical limitation requires large starting number of ovums to produce
limited number of cloned ES cells, which makes utilization of ES cell further complicated.
Taken together, AS have significant advantage over ES in medical application for cell therapy and could be a faster
way toward the goal of regenerative medicine. Further researches on AS should bring up more extensive
spectrum of AS therapy to meet the demand of many patients and give them more hope of regenerative medicine.
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